I. Python Programming

Introduction to Python & Programming

Order	File Name	Comments
1	What is programming and Python	Brief notes on what is programming and python, as well as an overview of thee computer architecture.
2	Types of Errors	Understanding syntax, logic, and semantic errors.
4	Python Variables	Overview of Python variables, how to assign values to a variable, and naming convention.
5	Python Data Types	Overview of basic Python data types (numeric, string, collection, and boolean).
6	Python Iterables	Iterable objects in Python (lists, dictionary, tuples)
7	Python Indexing and Slicing	How to retrieve elements in an `iterable object` using indexing.
8	Python Comments	Commenting code using `#` and creating multi-line comments.
9	Debugging Tips	Tips on test cases and using python's `assert` statement.
10	Copying in Python and Aliasing	Understanding shallow vs deep copies in Python and why you should not use the assignment operator for copying mutable objects.
11	Common Keywords and Operators	Operators: `in`, `not in`, `is`, `is not`. Keyword definitions: `None`.
12	Python Modules and Libraries	What are python libraries, and how to import modules. Renaming modules with an alias.
13	Type Conversions	Implicit vs explicit type conversions.

Python Data Types

Order	File Name	Comments
1	Boolean Values and Expression	Types of Boolean Expression and Evaluating Booleans
2	Python Strings	What are strings, common methods and operations, reversing strings, string comparisons, and string formats.

Python Data Structures

What is the difference between data type and data structure?

Data Type:

Refers to the category of data that a variable can hold

Data Structure:

Refers to the method of organizing and storing data in a computer's memory or storage system, as well as manipulation of that data.

Data structures in Python are built-in or user-defined structures that allow you to store, organize, and manipulate data efficiently. There are 4 main types of built-in data structures^[1] in python.

Summary of Python built-in data structures:

Data Structure	Definition	Ordered	Mutable	Allows Duplicates	Key-Value Pairs	Unique Elements
List	Ordered collection of elements	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No
Dictionary	Unordered collection of key-value pairs	No	Yes	Keys: No, Values: Yes	Yes	No
Set	Unordered collection of unique elements	No	Yes	No	No	Yes
Tuple	Ordered collection of elements	Yes	No	Yes	No	No

Python Lists

Using Lists as an Argument for a Parameter

When you pass a list into a function, the function gets a reference to the list (not a copy). Since lists are mutable, any changes made to the elements referenced in that parameter of a function will change the original list. Important to create a new list: new_list = old_list[:]

Order	File Name	Comments
1	Creating a List	Creating an empty list using `[]` and `list()` constructor method.
1	About Python Lists	What is a python list? How do we create a list and retrieve elements in a list?
3	Changing Elements in a Lists	How to change all and specific elements of a Python List.
4	Copying Lists	How to avoid "aliasing" when copying lists where you have multiple variables referencing the same object in memory. Want to create an independent copy of the list using `copy()` or slicing.
5	List Comprehension	Short-handed notation for creating a new list based on an existing iterables.
6	Concatenating Lists	Concatenating lists using the `+` operator or the `extend()` method.
9	Multidimensional (Nested) Lists	Overview and how to create a user-defined matrix and how to index for specific elements.

Lists Methods

List of List Methods

To get a, we can run the following: dir(list) to get a list of methods

Order	File Name	Comments
1	Adding Elements in a List	Methods used to add elements in a list: `append()`, `insert()`.
2	Removing Elements in a List	Methods used to remove elements in a list: `remove()`, `pop()`, and `del()`.
3	`Insert()` Method	How to insert an element at a specified position in a list. Basic Syntax for the `insert()` method.
4	`sort()` Method	Sorting a list "in-place", without creating a new list.
5	`sorted()` Method	Create a new sorted list from an existing list. Does not sort "in-place".
6	`join()` Method

Python Dictionaries

Order	File Name	Comments
1	About Python Dictionaries	How to create an instance of a `dictionary` and clear a dictionary.
2	Accessing Key and Values in a Dictionary	Accessing key/values in a dictionary using the `get()`, `items()`, 'keys()` and `values()`.
3	Adding and Removing Items	How to modify, add, or remove a key-value pair in a dictionary.
4	Sorting a Dictionary	How to sort by keys and values within a dictionary, and custom sorting with `lambda` functions.
5	Counting Using Dictionaries	How to use a dictionary to count items. Sample syntax.
6	Counting Occurrence of Words in a Text File	How to use dictionaries to count the occurrence of words in a text file.
7	Indexing a Nested List	How to index values of a nested dictionary by its key.
8	Looping Through Dictionaries	Iterating through dictionaries by `key`, `value`, or `key:value` pair.

Python Tuples

Order	File Name	Comments
1	About Python Tuples	Tuples are essentially unmodified versions of a `List`. Once created, it cannot be changed. As a result, there are no methods that can add or remove items in a tuple.
2	Accessing Tuple Elements	Indexing and slicing elements in a tuple.
3	Tuple Unpacking (Multiple Assignment)	How to assign values to multiple variables in a single line. Can be used in conjunction with tuples, lists, or other iterable types.

Python Sets

Order	File Name	Comments
1	About Python Sets	Based on set theory.
2	Set Union	Using sets and the `union()` method to retrieve the unique elements of 1 or more iterable objects.
3	Set Intersection	How to retrieve elements that exists in 1 or more iterable objects.
4	Set Difference	Retrieving elements found exclusively in one specified set.
5	Superset and Subsets	Comparing relationships between sets with respect to `superset` and `subset`.
6	Symmetric Difference	Set difference returns only the elements not found in se

Python Functions

Order	File Name	Comments
1	About Python Functions	How to call functions, passing arguments in a function, and the 2 main types of function: (1) User-defined functions, and (2) built-in functions.
2	User-Defined Functions & Type Annotations	General structure of defining your own function and type annotations in specifying the function's parameter type and return type.
3	Lambda Expressions	Anonymous functions with `lambda` expressions.
4	Docstrings	Creating string literals that appear right after the definition of a function (also applicable to method, class, or a module).
5	Function Compositions	Concept of combining two or more functions to create a new function, where the output of one function becomes the input for another.
6	Nested Function	Concept of defining a function within another function and definitions of `local`, `nonlocal`, and `global` variables in the context of accessing variables.
7	Local and Global Variables	Summary of local, nonlocal, and global variables.
8	Arguments and Parameters	Parameter is the variable defined in a function. Argument is the value that is passed through the function when it is called, assigned to the corresponding parameter defined inside the function.
9	Return Values	Using the `return` keyword to pass the result or value of a function invoked back to the caller. A function with a return statement is referred to as a "fruitful" function.

Python Loops

Order	File Name	Comments
1	About Python Loops	Overview of for and while loops, how the number of iterations are defined.
2	For Loop	Understanding the structure and flow of a for loop and how to create a for loop.
3	While Loops	Structure and flow of execution for a while loop. Also how to execute while loops without a boolean expression.
4	Keywords Within Loops	`Break`, `Continue` keywords to exit out of the loop or skip to the next iteration of the loop.
5	Infinite Loops	What happens when the while loop always evaluates to `True`.
6	Input-Controlled Loops	Controlling while loops based on user-input.

Python Conditionals

Order	File Name	Comments
1	About Python Conditional Statements
2	Logical Connectives (Operators)	Brief overview of `AND`, `OR`, and `NOT` logical connective and corresponding truth table.
4	The IF Statement	Basic structure of one-way IF statements and why indentation is important.
5	The IF-ELSE Statement	Constructing a Two-Way IF Statement
6	The IF-ELIF-ELSE Statement	If statements for more than 2 possible outcomes.
7	Nested Conditions	Creating nested conditions under `IF` or `ELSE` block.
	Comparison Operators

Python Classes & Inheritance

Order	File Name	Comments
1	About Python Classes and Inheritance	Definitions for class and inheritance, and understanding attributes and behaviours of a class.
2	Creating a Class	How define the class structure, its methods and attributes. Constructing an instance of the class by calling the class.
3	Class vs Instance Variables	How to define variables shared among ALL class vs variables specific to an instance of the object.
4	The __init__() Constructor Function	More information on the constructor function
5	Class Inheritance	How to create a class that inherits all the methods and properties of another class (parent). Does not introduce their own.
6	Creating Subclasses	How to create a child class that inherits all the parent properties and methods, but also introduces its own properties and methods. How to override a parent method.

Python Try-Except

Order	File Name	Comments
1	About Try-Except	How to deal with run-time error using `Try/Except` without the program crashing.
2	Raising an Exception	Using the `raise` exception statement to signal a run-time error has occurred during the execution of the program. Often used for handling edge cases or for testing scenarios where you may intentionally raise an exception.
3	Additional Keywords	`Else` to define a block of code to be executed if no errors were raised. `Finally` to define a block of code to be executed regardless of whether an error is raised or not.

Python File Handling

Order	File Name	Comments
1	About Python File Handling	Overview of how to open and read files.
2	Getting the File	What to do if the file is not in the same directory as the Python program and how to get the file path.
3	Writing to a File	Writing to a file in `w` or `a` mode using `write()` or `writelines()`.
4	Closing a File	Closing a file.
5	File Handling Using With
6	Exporting to a File	Exporting a DataFrame to a particular file (CSV, xlsx, JSON, parquet, to a SQL database)

Useful Miscellaneous Codes

Order	File Name	Comments
1	User Input	How to prompt users for an input.
2	The Zip() Function	How to combine elements from two or more iterable objects based on their corresponding positions.
3	The Map() and Filter() Function	Using `map()` to apply a function to each element in a iterable. Using `filter()' to filter for elements in an iterable based on the result of a function applied.

A data structure refers to a way of organizing and storing data in a computer's memory or storage system. ↩︎